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Abstract Russian scientists are certainly among those who contributed actively to the search for the neuroanatomical basis of exceptional mental capacity and talent. Medical physiology boron torrent pdf. Research into brain anatomy was one of the topics of special interest in various Russian universities. A number of independent reports on the study of famous Russian brains appeared both in Russia and abroad. Collecting and mapping brains of elite Russians in a structured manner began in Moscow in 1924 with the brain of V. In 1928, the Moscow Brain Research Institute was founded, the collection of which includes the brains of several prominent Russian neuroscientists, including V.

Bekhterev, G. Rossolimo, L. Vygotsky and I. The fact that the brain of two of the most outstanding scholars of Russian neurology and psychiatry, A. Kozhevnikov (1836–1902) and S.

Korsakov (1854–1900), have been studied is largely unknown. A report of the results of this study was published by A. Kaputsin in 1925 providing a detailed neuroanatomical assessment of the brains. A considerable weight, a predominance of the left hemisphere and a particularly complex convolution of the frontal and parietal lobes of both brains were reported, the assumption being that these brain parameters can serve as an indicator of mental capacity. The names Kozhevnikov and Korsakov are among those most cherished by Russian neuroscientists; they are also familiar to Western colleagues. The (re)discovery of the records of the brain autopsies is meaningful, maybe not so much from a neuroanatomical point of view as from a historical perspective.

Kozhevnikov (1836–1902) in the audience of Moscow Clinic for Nervous Diseases.Photo taken March 19, 1898—photo from Historical Museum of Moscow Medical Academy (with permission). Russian elite brains Bekhterev was interested in correlating the special features of a brain and the brilliant qualities of its owner. An example of this approach was the study of the brain of the eminent Russian chemist, the creator of the periodic table of elements, D. Mendeleev (1834–1907) (), first reported at the scientific session of the Psychoneurological Institute (May 1, 1908) and published in 1909 (Bekhterev and Weinberg,; Bechterew & and Weinberg, ).

The authors presented an exceedingly detailed description of Mendeleev's brain, weighing 1570 g (), the main conclusion being that there was a strong development of the left frontal and parietal lobes compared to the rest of the brain. Interestingly, the authors compared his brain with those of two famous Russian musicians which were available to them—the composer A.

Borodin (1833–87), and the pianist, composer and conductor, A. Rubinstein (1829–94). The anterior part of the left gyrus temporalis superior of Mendeleev's brain was far less developed in comparison with this region in the brains of these musicians. According to the authors, this was a sign of his modest musical capacity (Bekhterev and Weinberg, ). The brains of Borodin and Rubinstein are still preserved in the Anatomical Museum of the Military Medical Academy in St Petersburg (Etingen, ). Photo from Clin Arch Genius Talent (of Europathol) 1926; 2: 107–14. Sergey Sergeievich Korsakov Korsakov () was one of Kozhevnikov's most outstanding pupils.

He was 33 years old when Kozhevnikov appointed him director of the psychiatric division of his department, thus making him the first professor of Psychiatry in Russia. Korsakov was the author of numerous works in psychiatry, neuropathology, forensic medicine and a textbook on psychiatry. He studied the effects of alcoholism on the nervous system and described alcoholic polyneuritis with distinctive mental symptoms (‘cerebropathia psychica tokaemica’), later called ‘Korsakov's syndrome’.

He was the first to produce a clear description of paranoia. Korsakov was among the leaders of more humane patient management by applying no-restraint principles. Until his premature death, he was the head of the Moscow University Clinic of Psychiatry, and is considered to be the founder of the Moscow psychiatric school (Ovsyannikov and Ovsyannikov, ). Korsakov (1854–1900). Photo from Historical Museum of Moscow Medical Academy (with permission). After two heart attacks at the age of 44, Korsakov consulted a specialist in Vienna in 1898.

Hypertrophy of heart associated with obesity and myocarditis was established. Korsakov died from heart failure at the age of 46 (Banshchikov, 1967). Brain of Korsakov On dissection, Korsakov's brain () weighed 1603 g. At a second measurement on January 26, 1924, the weight was 1355 g. The angulus Rolandicus of the right hemisphere equalled 80° and that of the left 85°. On all measurements, a noticeable superiority of the left hemisphere was observed.